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1 Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea;
2 Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and
3 National Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea
Requests for reprints: Dae-Sik Lim, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseoung-D, Yuseong-G, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea. Phone: 82-42-869-2635; Fax: 82-42-869-2610. E-mail: dlim{at}mail.kaist.ac.kr
Phosphorylation of NBS1, the product of the gene mutated in Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), the product of the gene mutated in ataxia telangiectasia, is required for activation of the S phase checkpoint in response to ionizing radiation (IR). However, NBS1 is also thought to play additional roles in the cellular response to DNA damage. To clarify these additional functions of NBS1, we generated NBS cell lines stably expressing various NBS1 mutants from retroviral vectors. The ATM-dependent activation of CHK2 by IR was defective in NBS cells but was restored by ectopic expression of wild-type NBS1. The defects in ATM-dependent activation of CHK2, S phase checkpoint control, IR-induced nuclear focus formation, and radiation sensitivity apparent in NBS cells were not corrected by expression of NBS1 mutants that lack an intact MRE11 binding domain, suggesting that formation of the NBS1-MRE11-RAD50 complex is required for the corresponding normal phenotypes. Expression of NBS1 proteins with mutated ATM-targeted phosphorylation sites (serines 278 or 343) did not restore S phase checkpoint control but did restore the ability of IR to activate CHK2 and to induce nuclear focus formation and normalized the radiation sensitivity of NBS cells. Expression of NBS1 containing mutations in the forkhead-associated or BRCA1 COOH terminus domains did not correct the defects in radiation sensitivity or nuclear focus formation but did restore S phase checkpoint control in NBS cells. Together, these data demonstrate that multiple functional domains of NBS1 are required for ATM-dependent activation of CHK2, nuclear focus formation, S phase checkpoint control, and cell survival after exposure to IR.
Key Words: ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) • NBS (Nijmegen breakage syndrome) • DNA damage response • radiation sensitivity • cell cycle checkpoint control
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